Sun protection for children: answers to parents’ questions

Planning a trip to the park or a day at the seaside is easier when you know what matters for your child's skin. Shade, clothing and sunscreen work together. Apply sunscreen to skin that remains uncovered, and do not use it as a reason to spend longer in the sun.

1. What matters before choosing a sunscreen?

Plan outdoor play so your child spends less time in strong midday sun. Choose lightweight clothing that covers the skin, a broad-brimmed hat that shades the face, ears and back of the neck, and sunglasses with UV protection. Clothing with a UPF rating is a useful option.

Check the UV index, available in many weather apps: sun protection is recommended when it reaches 3 or above. The temperature does not tell you how strong UV radiation is.

2. At what age can children start using sunscreen?

Under 6 months, the priority is keeping babies out of direct sunlight, using shade and suitable clothing. Sunscreen should not routinely be used to make sun exposure possible. If shade and clothing cannot provide adequate protection, the American Academy of Pediatrics allows a small amount on small areas of uncovered skin, such as the face and backs of the hands. Discuss the choice of product with your paediatrician.

From 6 months, apply sunscreen to skin not covered by clothing, while continuing to use shade and a hat. Use a suitable canopy or parasol on the pushchair; do not cover it with a blanket or muslin cloth, as your baby could overheat.

3. SPF 30 or SPF 50? What should I look for on the label?

Choose a product with SPF 30 or higher and protection against both UVA and UVB. SPF mainly describes UVB protection; a high number does not replace checking for UVA protection. On European packaging, look for the UVA symbol inside a circle. Choose a water-resistant product for swimming or activities that cause sweating.

SPF 50 or 50+ offers greater UVB protection, but does not increase the time between applications. No sunscreen blocks all UV radiation, and applying too thin a layer reduces the protection you get.

4. When should I apply it, and how much is enough?

Apply sunscreen to dry skin before going outdoors, following the label; usually about 15–30 minutes beforehand. Cover all exposed areas evenly, including the ears, back of the neck, backs of the hands and tops of the feet.

The amount depends on your child's size and how much skin is exposed. There is no single amount suitable for children of every age. Apply a generous, even layer according to the product instructions, and check for missed areas. An adult should help young children apply it.

5. How often should I reapply? What about after swimming?

When your child is outdoors, reapply approximately every two hours, and sooner after swimming, heavy sweating or towel drying. Do not wait for the skin to become red.

“Water resistant” does not mean unlimited protection in the water. Follow the packaging instructions and reapply after getting out of the water and drying off. The same rule applies to SPF 50+ products.

6. Is protection still needed on cloudy days or in the shade?

Yes. Clouds do not completely block UV radiation, and water, sand and snow can reflect it. Shade helps, but does not provide complete protection on its own. Keep using suitable clothing and sunscreen on exposed skin during walks and outdoor play, not just at the beach.

7. Are mineral filters essential?

Products containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide may be better tolerated by sensitive skin. However, organic filters, often called “chemical” filters, and hybrid formulas can also provide effective protection. Choose according to UVA/UVB protection, SPF, skin tolerance and the instructions for use, rather than the filter name alone.

If a product causes stinging or a rash, stop using it and seek medical advice, especially if your child has eczema or known reactions to cosmetics.

8. Cream, lotion or spray?

Creams and lotions make it easier to control which areas are covered. Sprays can be used according to the label, but need care: do not spray towards your child's face or mouth, and avoid inhaling the mist. For the face, spray the product into an adult's hands first, then spread it onto the skin.

Rub the sunscreen in evenly after spraying. Avoid applying it in windy conditions or near flames or heat sources. A spray applied in a hurry may leave patches of skin unprotected.

9. What should I do if my child gets sunburned?

Move your child to a cool place out of the sun. Gently cool the skin with cool water or a damp cloth; do not put ice directly on the skin or burst blisters. Keep the affected skin protected from the sun until it heals.

Seek prompt medical advice if a baby or young child has sunburn. At any age, blisters, significant swelling, fever, severe pain, nausea or feeling generally unwell warrant medical assessment.

If, after exposure to heat, your child is confused, has a seizure, loses consciousness or has difficulty breathing, call 112 and begin cooling them in a cool place, following the emergency operator's instructions. These may be signs of heatstroke.